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魚類種苗生產技術開發改進研究

  • 日期:93-06-18
  • 年度:2003
  • 領域:漁業領域
  • 主持人:陳紫媖

1.高經濟海水魚類的遺傳育種及品種改良之基礎研究,對於提昇水產養殖而言是相當重要的,雜交是品種改良、發展新品種或保存親代較優良品系的方法之一,在鯛類雜交研究後,繼續以石斑魚類為對象進行克服種魚培育及雜交育苗上之困難,冀培育出兼具兩親代優勢性狀之新魚種以作為形態、形質上比較之材料及日後發展純海水養殖之新品種及探討其與純系在血緣上、演化上相互關係等研究之基礎,以達到選殖高耐性之優良品系、市場高競爭力之特殊品系或有多樣性選擇之新品種。並對現存已開發或未開發具潛力之石斑魚進行繁養殖相關技術之探討。建立石斑魚類種原保存方法,達成種原永續利用之目標。2.自石斑魚人工性轉變及繁殖技術確立以來,部分石斑魚種種苗生產以達商業化量產規模,然而尚有些高經濟魚種(如龍膽石斑、七星斑及老鼠斑.等),其初期育苗及中間育成率仍相當低且不穩定,而限制該魚種養殖產業之發展。光合成菌是一類厭氧性細菌群,可在缺氧弱光條件下進行光合作用。它含有豐富蛋白質、維生素B 群、菌綠素及類胡蘿蔔素,具有固氮及水質淨化能力。一般研究多注重在菌種分離及有機廢水的處理上,而在水產上常被用作底質改良劑,然而在國內則少有應用於餌料生物方面之研究,因此本計畫擬以光合成菌具豐富營養及水質淨化等特性,期應用於石斑魚類種苗生產之培育過程中,以解決目前產業石斑育苗活存率低下及不穩定的問題。3.在魚類的個體發生過程中,變態是界於仔魚期及稚魚其中間的階段。對很多魚類而言,在變態過程間或稍後的階段經常會有較高的死亡率,此包括石斑魚在內。對石斑魚苗而言,此時的高死亡率可能是水質、疾病及殘食造成。但如果我們考慮石斑魚在變態時期,內部及外部的型態都有很大的變化,則這些器官系統如果未能成功地由仔魚期形式轉變為稚魚期形式,則亦可能使得魚苗在此階段無法順利發育。然而,截至目前,對於石斑魚變態過程的研究仍相當少見,因此我們擬在本研究中利用組織切片的方式,調查石斑魚變態過程中消化道及甲狀腺的變化,此兩器官系統是否能在變態過程中成功地轉換,攸關石斑魚苗的育成率高低,因此本研究對於石斑魚育苗將有相當的助益。4.水產種苗產業是臺灣養殖業永續發展中極重要之一項,而生物性餌料是魚、蝦、貝苗初期發育階段中不可欠缺的食物。為提供國內研究人員及水產養殖業者人工繁殖魚介幼生所需的餌料生物種原,建立水產餌料生物種原庫。為整年供應,每2-12週移殖接種,並不定期活化更新種原。除繼續已有種原之保存,並調查與收集其他有用之種原,充實水產餌料種原庫實體遺傳資源量50株以上。進行小量培養以提供餌料生物種原,改進餌料生物培養技術,評估各種餌料生物在實務上之利用,並蒐集國內外資訊及提供利用。5.本年度目標: 探討培養品質優良之橈足類及保種模式:(1)配製適當簡易培養基取代部份藻類,改良現行以藻類培養橈足類之耗費人力與物力方法,研發1000 L 中型水槽生產技術。(2)添加微生物製劑,抑制病原菌及病毒,以提高橈足類品質,進而建立培養優質橈足類模式。(3)篩選快速成長增殖品種。預期效益:1.提供有關培養橈足類的培養基,促進橈足類的增殖及減少藻類需求量。2.提供培養高品質的橈足類方法給業者參考,以生產優質橈足類提供給魚苗繁殖業者培育出健康的魚苗,增加漁民收益。6.本年度執行主要內容:1.銀塔鐘螺人工採卵及仔稚螺培育:將探討乾出法、溫度刺激法及兩者配合使用之效果;幼苗培育將探討石塊、PVC浪板及石蓴等不同附著基材之藻類生長及育苗成績。2.幼螺標識方法探討:採用一般漆、防污漆、樹脂、釣線及殼頂磨損等5種不同標識方法標記於殼頂,經蓄養比較其優劣。3.幼螺中間育成及放流:於海邊潮下帶上緣區設置中間育成場,育成之幼螺(1-2cm)先經標識後移至中間育成場蓄養記錄比較成長及活存率。4.澎湖章魚蓄養試驗:蓄養澎湖海域捕獲之小章魚,探討其適當棲所、餌料、成長、成熟體型及產卵季節。

研究報告摘要(英)


1.For improve the techniques of marine fish's culture and produce mass seed, we haveto study the development of embryos, larval rearing, established the broodstock ofparent fish, and selects the suitable species for Taiwan aquaculture. Hybridization isgenerally useful practice for species develop and keep good quality genetic strain in arole of aquaculture. Grouper are important marine culture fishes in Taiwan. While notso much research about those species hybrids study in now. Therefore, the research onphysiology and ecology about the hybrid seed culture are important. We have tried thepossibility of cross hybridization and the hatching of hybrid in black porgy (A. schlegeli)and gold lined sea bream (S. sarba). Then, we are going on the above study in larvaeunder different environmental factor treatment in future research. Furthermore, we willtry the practical technique to keep broodstock strain of grouper. We will get thedifference of morphology characters and growth data in juvenile /fry of grouper and ithybrids expect these basic studies will be very valuable for the mass seed production.2.Although induced sex reversal and spawning in some species of grouper (giantgrouper, coral trout and mouse grouper⋯.) have achieved, but survival of the larvae inthe hatchery until early juvenile remains considerably low and unstable. It constrainsseriously the development of groupers aquaculture and seed export. The photosyntheticbacteria allow propagation to occur in anaerobic conditions and through respiration inaerobic condition. The photosynthetic bacteria (PSB), a single cell protein have strongability to break down ammonia and high nutrient value, contain many vital aminoacids, vitamins and carotenoids. In past, it was used in organic wastewater treatment toimproved environmental quality and clarification of sea water in fish cultivation, but lessapplication as a feed to fish larvae and zooplankton. Therefore, we will investigate thePSB to apply in grouper seed production and get some information about application ofPSB from this study. There knowledge should be helpful for improve seed productionindustry. In order to study the application of photosynthetic bacteria in groupers seedproduction, we will design a series of researches and divide to three parts. First, we useda series of methods for isolation and identification and also investigate the optimalgrowing condition of the photosynthetic bacteria, under different environmentalcondition. The second part of this study was to investigate the application ofphotosynthetic bacteria on growth of the rotifer and its dietary value for groupers.Third, was to experiment the effect of water quality on addition to groupers larvaerearing pond.3.In ontogeny of fish, metamorphosis is a phase between larval and juvenile periods.Elevated mortality rates during or shortly after metamorphosis have reported for manyfishes, and grouper are ones of them. The high mortality could be caused bydeteriorating water quality, viral infection, and cannibalism. Additionally, sincemetamorphosis includes major changes in morphology, either internal or external,unsuccessful transitions of those from larval to juvenile periods could makemetamorphosis quite hazardous time for the developing fish. However, so far, rarestudies concerning metamorphosis of grouper have been reported. Herein, we willinvestigate development of digestive tract and thyroid of grouper with histologicalmethods. Successful transitions of the two organ systems during metamorphosis are vitalfor grouper fry. The basic study should be helpful for larviculture of grouper.4.Seed production of cultured aquatic organisms is one of the most important issues forsustainable aquaculture industry in Taiwan. The culture collection center of live food isbuilt up to provide stock cultures and relative technology for farmers and researchers.To maintain the stock cultures (67 microalgae strains and 9 rotifers strain) subculturewere made every 2-12weeks. For continuously providing the 50ml-500l culture, massculture of microalgae and rotifer were practiced all year round. In addition tomaintaining the stock cultures (microalgae and rotifers) already hold, the collection,isolation and culture of other suitable live food will be conducted. Experiments forimproving culture technique and consultant of seed production technology will becontinued as well.5.The objectives of this study are: Culture and collection of copepod: Common speciesfound in fish ponds will be investigated. proper species will be selected and the culturemethod of using powder of artificial pellet or artificial fertilizer to replace microalgae ascopepod diet will be explored. To inhibit carried pathogens and virus of copepods byusing probiotics will be conducted.The expected results and their value: The economical viable culture method of copepodwill be established to decrease man-power needed during culture and to improve thequality of copepod to facilitate the culture of healthy fish and shrimp larvae.6.There are four main proposed working programs of this plan for the coming year.1.The artificial spawning and rearing of the larvae of Tectus pyramis :To compareamong the methods of stimulating by taking breeders off water, temperature stimulatingand the combination of these two to decide which is more useful to induce spawning. Inthe rearing of the larvae, we use different bases to attach the microalgae to induce thesnail larvae to settle. The larvae then can graze on algae which flourished on the testingbases. The testing bases will be stones, pvc plates and Ulva Lactaca for this year. 2.Thelabeling experiment of hatchery-reared javeniles of T. pyramis :Five labeling methodswill be tested, and these are normal paint, anti-fouling paint, polyeaster, fishing linestuck with polyeaster and shell top abrasion. The efficacies of them will be comparedeach other to find out the best one. 3.The juveniles mid-nursing and release of T.pyramis: The juveniles of top snail will be removed from the nursing room and placedin the beach of Peng-Hu Islands to stock and released to the conservation sea areaaround Peng-Hu Islands.