The purpose of this study was to investigate the common habitat types of juvenile Portunus pelagicus crabs using various simulated habitat types found in Penghu waters, such as coral sand bottom mixed with seaweed or seagrass. Additionally, the survival and growth of the juvenile crabs in these habitats were compared with those in an unpaved bare bottom tank environment. After six weeks of the experiment, the survival rate of the juvenile crabs was 14.1 ± 1.4% in the coral sand and Halodule uninervis seagrass group, and for the coral sand and Sargassum hemiphyllum seaweed group, the survival rate was 10.0 ± 5.0%. The survival rate of these two groups was higher than that of other groups (the coral sand and Ulva lactuca seaweed group [3.3 ± 1.4%], the coral sand group [5 ± 2.5%], and the unpaved bare bottom tank group [2.5 ± 1.5%]), and a significant difference was observed (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding the weight increase of the juvenile crabs and the relationship between the carapace width and body weight (p > 0.05). The results of this study showed that when releasing P. pelagic juveniles, a habitat with seagrass beds or algae farms is necessary to increase the breeding rate. Moreover, the seagrass bed environment is the priority consideration for release.