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經濟性淡海水魚蝦貝類養殖因應氣候變遷調適

  • 日期:111-10-24
  • 計畫編號:110農科-13.2.1-水-A1
  • 年度:2021
  • 領域:農漁業健康環境形塑-運用客製化天氣與氣候資訊
  • 主持人:許嘉閔
  • 研究人員:劉恩良、李彥宏、陳富美、謝易叡


  1. 石斑魚:本年度建立4種臺灣常見養殖石斑魚(點帶、鞍帶、棕點及珍珠龍膽石斑)之高溫致災條件,試驗一結果顯示,珍珠龍膽石斑於38°C中耐受最久,經過24小時才開始死亡,其餘種類石斑魚10小時內就會開始死亡;37°C時,珍珠龍膽石斑可以耐受72小時,但出現延遲性災害,於試驗後三天才出現死亡,而其他種石斑於24小時內出現死亡。針對試驗一(35、36°C)之活存魚測試其開口時間,結果顯示珍珠龍膽石斑最快開始吃餌;四種石斑35°C處理組開口時間皆小於36°C組,顯示水溫36°C造成緊迫較大。試驗二短暫高水溫(37°C)處理,未有魚隻傷亡,恢復就餌時間也都較短。針對未來會氣候變遷所面臨到之高溫逆境,將高水溫時間縮到最短能有效降低對石斑魚之影響。

  2. 吳郭魚: 低溫挑戰試驗結果顯示: 9.5~7℃/18hrs條件下,對照組全數死亡而實驗組仍有8~12%存活率。在血糖濃度方面:降溫後實驗組血糖濃度(100~120 mg/dl)較對照組高(~80 mg/dl)。在血液pH方面:降溫前後對照組明顯上升(pH7.9),而實驗組無明顯差異(pH7.3~7.5)。在血漿蛋白質濃度方面:降溫後以對照組濃度最高(6.6 g/dl),實驗組較低(5~5.9 g/dl)。在肝臟脂肪酸組成方面: 降溫後對照組的飽和脂肪酸佔比最高(44.4%),而實驗組較低(36.7~39.8%);單元不飽和脂肪酸佔比在對照組與實驗組間無明顯差異(43.0~44.6%);n6-多元不飽和脂肪酸佔比以實驗組(5.6~7.3%)較高對照組(4.4%)較低 ;n3-多元不飽和脂肪酸佔比以實驗組(10.0~12.5%)較高對照組(6.6%)較低。

  3. 白蝦:為我國重要水產養殖物種之一,然近20年來屢遭逢多種病毒、細菌及真菌等病原感染,使養殖不易成功。本實驗中,白蝦分別以藻含量0、1、2、3%白蝦飼料餵食4週(共4組),期間每3天採樣各組白蝦,分析血液免疫反應,在滲透壓方面,0%組白蝦,在第1、14及28天,有高峰值出現,但滲透壓值趨緩。在餵食藻含量1、2、3%飼料,數值亦有高低起伏情況,震盪幅度不一。在總淋巴血球數量方面,以0%總淋巴血球數量最多,餵食藻含量1、2、3%飼料,在初期淋巴血球數量有降低趨勢,似乎紅翎藻粉有減少白蝦淋巴血球數量的作用。在哈維氏弧菌攻毒試驗中,處理8小時,0%組白蝦約70%存活,2%組存活率80%最高,但在統計上,各組並無明顯差別。在24小時後,各組存活率約在10~15%之間,亦無明顯差別。在飼料中添加紅翎藻粉餵食白蝦,並無法增加對哈維氏弧菌的抗性。

  4. 文蛤:此次文蛤養殖自109年5月放養,期間經歷110年初寒流,藉由多元工具魚清除絲藻,節省人力成本與降低死亡率,截至110年5月初次收成存活率達九成以上。為了因應強降雨,雖已增設深水儲水池、溢流排水管線,供大雨後排換水使用,但鹽度變低仍導致部分文蛤死亡,7月22日再次收成後,統計總收成率約70 % (放養1,800,000粒* 0.7 收成率/ 50粒斤= 收成25,200 斤)。經監測取水渠的鹽度以及養殖池的水位變化,顯示整體池水與取水溝渠鹽度皆大幅下降,推測因地處海埔新生地,池底通透性過高,鹽度仍易受大雨影響。建議未來可以放養較大型之文蛤苗,縮短養成期提早於汛期前收成,避免受到強降雨影響收成率。


研究報告摘要(英)


In the grouper test this year, four common groupers in Taiwan (Epinephelus coioides, E. lanceolatus, E. fuscoguttatus, E. fuscoguttatus x E. lanceolatus) were tested the condition of the high temperature disaster. The results one showed that hybrid grouper survived the longest at 38°C. It died over 24 hours after experiment beginning, and other species of grouper died within 10 hours; at 37°C, hybrid grouper survived over 72 hours, but the death occured in three days after adversity, while other species died within 24 hours. After experiment 1 (35, 36°C), the results showed that the recovery phase of hybrid grouper was less than others; also all fish in the 35°C treatment started eating earlier than group 36°C. It showed that the water temperature over 36°C might cause more stress. Experiment 2 was treated with a short-term high water temperature (37°C), and there was no casulty. The recovery time was less than experiment 1. To against the high temperature disaster in future, shorten the time of water temperature over 37°C can effectively minimize the impact on grouper aquaculture.

In tilipia cold shock experiment, all the control fish died under the the condition of 9.5~7℃/18hrs but the experimental groups still showed the survival of 8~12 %. Duing the cooling process, experimental goups showed higher blood sugar concentrations(100~120 mg/dl) which were higher than control group((~80 mg/dl). In blood pH, control group showed higher pH(pH7.9) after cooling than experimental groups(pH7.3~7.5). In plasma protein concentration, the control group showed higher concentration(6.6 g/dl) than the experimental groups (5~5.9 g/dl). In the lipids contents of livers, the control showed higher
saturated fatty acids ratio(44.4 %) than the experimental groups(36.7~39.8%) after cooling. There were no obvious difference in the monoenes contents between the control and experimental groups. The experimental groups showed higher n6- and n3- HUFA contents(5.6~7.3% and 10.0~12.5%, respectively) than the control(4.4 % and 6.6 %, respectively).

White shrim is one of the important aquaculture species in China. However, in recent 20 years, it has been repeatedly infected by a variety of viruses, bacteria, fungi and other pathogens, making aquaculture difficult to succeed. In this experiment, white shrimps were fed with 0,1,2 and 3 % algae content white shrimps for 4 weeks (a total of 4 groups). During this period, white shrimps in each group were sampled every 3 days to analyze the blood immune response. In terms of osmotic pressure, white shrimps in 0 % group had high peaks on the 1st, 14th and 28th days, but the osmotic pressure value slowed down. In the feed with algae content of 1, 2 and 3 %, the value also fluctuates, and the vibration range is different. In terms of the total number of lymphatic blood cells, 0 % of the total number of lymphatic blood cells is the largest, and the algae feeding content is 1, 2 and 3 %. In the initial stage, the number of lymphatic blood cells tends to decrease. It seems that red plumed algae powder can reduce the number of lymphatic blood cells of white shrimp. In the Vibrio harveyi challenge test, after 8 hours of treatment, about 70 % of white shrimp in the 0 % group survived, and the survival rate of 80 % in the 2 % group was the highest, but there was no significant difference in statistics. After 24 hours, the survival rate of each group was about 10 ~ 15 %, and there was no significant difference. Adding red plumed algae powder to feed white shrimp could not increase the resistance to Vibrio harveyi.

Hard clam seeds has been stocked since May 2020, and experienced a cold event in the beginning of 2021. The use of multiple functional fishes to remove filamentous algae saves labor costs and reduces mortality. Till May 2021, the survival rate of the first harvest has reached more than 90%. In order to cope with the heavy rainfall, although deep water reservior and overflow drainage pipelines have been added for water discharge after heavy rains, monitoring the salinity of the water intake channels and the changes in the water level of the breeding ponds has shown that the salinity of the overall pond water and the water intake ditches has dropped significantly. Some clams died. After the second harvest on July 22, the total harvest rate was about 70 % (stocking 1,800,000 grains * 0.7 yield rate / 50 grains = 25,200 kilograms). Due to its location in reclaimed land, the bottom of the pond has too high permeability causing the salinity susceptible to heavy rain. It is recommended that larger clam seedlings can be stocked in the future to shorten the grow-out period and harvest earlier than the flood season to avoid the impact of heavy rainfall on the harvest rate.